Nilesh M. Nikam^*, Dipeeka N. Nikam 

Department of Pharmaceutics, K.K. Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India, Email- nlshnikam983@gmail.com 

Corresponding Author: Mr. Nilesh M. Nikam, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, K.K. Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, Email: nlshnikam983@gmail.com; Mob. no. – 9049640090. 

Citation: Nilesh M. Nikam, Dipeeka N. Nikam (2021) A Review on Transdermal Drug Delivery System. J Pharm Exper Med, 2(2); 1-5 

Copyright: © 2021, Nilesh M. Nikam. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 

ABSTRACT: 

Transdermal drug delivery as a replacement for the oral route allows gastrointestinal absorption to be avoided, with its related pit drops of deactivation connected with enzymatic and pH. Transdermal delivery has many benefits over standard drug administration methods, thus avoiding first-pass hepatic metabolism and enhancing patient compliance. Its primary benefits include controlled drug release with minimal side effects, enhanced bioavailability, first-pass metabolism bypass, and much more. There are variables such as both physiochemical and biological that influences the transdermal drug's bioavailability. The number of drugs formulated in the patches has hardly increased over the past decade; there has been little change in the patch system's composition. Changes were mostly restricted to refining the materials used. This review paper discusses the general research on the Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) leading to the development of a new drug delivery system (NDDS).

KEYWORDS

Transdermal Drug delivery system, Bioavability, Drug metabolism, Transdermal patch.

INTRODUCTION

Transdermal patch which delivers specific amount of the drug through the skin into the bloodstream when applied directly to the intact body. Currently, the oral route of administration is most widely used to administer the drugs to humans for a few days, but in this route the drawback such as drug degradation can occur first pass metabolism. Active blood moiety including bioavailability may be reduced. To rectify the difficulties in the oral drug delivery process. The new drug delivery systems were developed. The TDDS is one of the novel drug delivery systems here in the form of transdermal patch, the drug will be administered through the bodyTransdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is characterized as self contained, discrete dosage forms at a controlled level for systemic circulation when applied to intact skin [1].

EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

The transdermal patches can be characterized in terms of following parameters Physicochemical evaluation

In vitro evaluation

In vivo evaluation 

Physicochemical Evaluation:

Transdermal patches can be physicochemically evaluated in terms of these parameters: 

Thickness: The thickness of transdermal film is determined by travelling microscope, dial gauge, screw gauge or micrometer at different points of the film. 

Uniformity of weight: Weight variation is studied by individually weighing 10 randomly selected patches and calculating the average weight. The individual weight should not deviate significantly from the average weight 

Drug content determination: An accurately weighed portion of film (about 100 mg) is dissolved in 100 mL of suitable solvent in which drug is soluble and then the solution is shaken continuously for 24 h in shaker incubator. Then the whole solution is sonicated. After sonication and subsequent filtration, drug in solution is estimated spectrophotometrically by appropriate dilution. 

Content uniformity test: 10 patches are selected and content is determined for individual patches. If 9 out of 10 patches have content between 85% to 115% of the specified value and one has content not less than 75% to 125% of the specified value, then transdermal patches pass the test of content uniformity. But if 3 patches have content in the range of 75% to 125%, then additional 20 patches are tested for drug content. If these 20 patches have range from 85% to 115%, then the transdermal patches pass the test. 

Moisture content: The prepared films are weighed individually and kept in a desiccators containing calcium chloride at room temperature for 24 h. The films are weighed again after a specified interval until they show a constant weight. The percent moisture content is calculated using following formula. 

% Moisture content=Initial weight – Final weight X100 

Moisture Uptake: Weighed films are kept in a desiccator at room temperature for 24 h. These are then taken out and exposed to 84% relative humidity using saturated solution of Potassium chloride in a desiccator until a constant weight is achieved. % moisture uptake is calculated as given below. 

35 % moisture uptake = Final weight – Initial weight X 100. 

Flatness: A transdermal patch should possess a smooth surface and should not constrict with time. This can be demonstrated with flatness study. For flatness determination, one strip is cut from the centre and two from each side of patches. The length of each strip is measured and variation in length is measured by determining percent constriction. Zero percent constriction is equivalent to 100 percent flatness. 

% constriction = I1 – I2 X 100

I2 = Final length of each strip

I1 = Initial length of each strip. 

Folding Endurance: Evaluation of folding endurance involves determining the folding capacity of the films subjected to frequent extreme conditions of folding. Folding endurance is determined by repeatedly folding the film at the same place until it break. The number of times the films could be folded at the same place without breaking is folding endurance value. 

Tensile Strength: To determine tensile strength, polymeric films are sandwiched separately by corked linear iron plates. One end of the films is kept fixed with the help of an iron screen and other end is connected to a freely movable thread over a pulley. The weights are added gradually to the pan attached with the hanging end of the thread. A pointer on the thread is used to measure the elongation of the film. The weight just sufficient to break the film is noted.

CONCLUSION

Patient who cannot swallow or remember to take their medications transdermal drug delivery system is beneficial. Clinicians and other allied health professionals should understand the appropriate administration techniques for transdermal systems to ensure optimal patient outcomes and to ensure the safety of all who encounter patients who use transdermal drug delivery system. Future developments of transdermal drug delivery system will likely focus on the increased control of therapeutic regimens and the continuing expansion of drugs available for use. Transdermal dosage forms may provide clinicians an opportunity to offer their patients to optimize their care.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to management and Principal of K.K. Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik, and Maharashtra, India. For their constant support and providing facilities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None

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