Keziah Ann Babu

Pharm. D Intern, College of Pharmacy- Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +918489698144, E-mail: keziahannbabu@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Keziah Ann Babu, Pharm. D Intern, College of Pharmacy- Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +918489698144, E-mail: keziahannbabu@gmail.com

Citation: Keziah Ann Babu (2021) Apromising Alternative in Renal Replacement for End Stage Renal Disease Patients – Nanotechnological Artificial Kidneys. Int J Early Stage Res, 1(1); 1-3

Copyright: © 2021, Keziah Ann Babu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Abstract:

Background: End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a condition that lacks any specific pharmacotherapy and so we need to look towards other means of treatment, say renal transplantation and dialysis in severely ill patients. Summary: As decades pass, growth in technology and engineering reflects the potential in advancing treatment options. Nanotechnological means are being experimented on, to produce microchips capable of carrying out the full-blown functions of a human kidney. Miniaturization helps create handy portable artificial substitutes for kidneys. Key Message: Access to nanotechnology and Artificial Intelligence (AI), will result in improvements in patients’ quality of life as well as significant savings for patients and the health system at large. The promising field of nano-nephrology is still underway in development and lacks full consideration for research and needs better attention.

Keywords:  Artificial kidneys, End Stage Renal Disease, Nanotechnology

1. Introduction

Kidneys, located in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity are the main organs for excretion in humans. Human kidneys play a great role in the maintenance of the water-electrolyte, and acid-base balance, and it helps in the regulation of blood pressure (P and SK, 2018).

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to function normally. This could be permanent or temporary. This could lead to accumulation of metabolic waste products in the blood (uremia).The homeostasis gets disruptedcausing other organs to shut down – heart, liver, etc. The final implication of renal failure is usually death, unless the blood is filtered by some other alternative mechanisms (Raghavendra, Mallikarjun and Vidya, 2013). When kidney fails to perform their basic functions then there is a necessity of an alternative means for the waste removal and reabsorption of essential nutrients (P and SK, 2018). The bestalternative is to replace the impaired kidneys with a donor kidney. Patients often undergo dialysis before a kidney transplantation (Raghavendra, Mallikarjun and Vidya, 2013). Hemodialysis (HD) has been proved to be a safe and valuable technique to treat patients poisoned with drugs like barbiturates, salicylates, bromide, and other drugs. Dialysis is also a means to treat renal failure when transplantation is not possible (Renal Failure And Thie Artificial’, 1960). The prevalence of treating End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) by means of dialysis is on the rise globally. These patients have a huge burden of comorbidities, multiple drug therapies and difficulty in adapting to lifestyle changes (Guraet al., 2016).

Advancements in the field of Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming medical devices and procedures. It can be tailored to provide great benefits for dialysis as well (Hueso et al., 2019). Machines and devices were first experimented to mimic the functions of a kidney. Renal substitution therapy with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been the only successful long-term organ substitution therapy. The lack of wide-spread availability of suitable transplantable organs has made kidney transplantation a difficult solution in most cases of chronic renal failure.Bioengineering of an implantable bioartificial kidney couldbe advantageous to patients by increasing life time, activity  and overall quality of life, with lower risk of infection and in being much more economical (Humes, et al., 2014) Artificial kidneys can be of better value in treatment of poisoning as well.