Millene Marques Silva, Vivian Girotto, Elias M. Oliveira Neto

Millene Marques Silva, Oncology Nurse, Master student at a.C.camargo Cancer Center – São Paulo – Brasil; ORCID: 0009-0000-0471-7832 (https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0471- 7832), E-mail: millenem4@gmail.com 

Vivian Girotto, Medical Student at São Leopoldo Mandic – Campinas – Brasil; ORCID: 0009-0007-3130-9560 (https://orcid.org/0009- 0007-3130-9560), E mail: vgirotto.rodrigues@gmail.com 

Elias M. Oliveira Neto, Medical Student at Faculdade Superior da Amazônia Reunida (FESAR) – Brasil; ORCID: 0009-0006-5211-7827; (https://orcid. org/0009-0006-5211-7827), E-mail: neto.marti@hotmail.com   

Citation: Millene Marques Silva, Vivian Girotto, Elias M. Oliveira Neto (2025) Advanced Approaches in the Treatment of Acute Abdomen: A Systematic Review. World J Intervent Cardiol Rep, 1(1);01-06

Copyrights: @2025 Millene Marques Silva, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Pos Doctoral Student – A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Medical Student – Universidad Nacional Ecológica.

Abstract

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the accumulation of lipids and immune cells in the arterial wall, leading to the formation of atheromatous plaques. It is the main pathophysiological substrate behind cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevention and treatment strategies have evolved, going beyond lipid control, to include immune modulation and personalized approaches. Methodology: An integrative literature review was performed, searching the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, including articles published between 2013 and 2024. Inclusion criteria included clinical studies and systematic reviews that addressed behavioural and pharmacological interventions and emerging therapies aimed at the prevention and management of atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular manifestations. Results: Evidence revealed that lifestyle measures, such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity, significantly reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Pharmacologically, the use of statins, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors has demonstrated efficacy in reducing LDL-c and stabilizing plaques. Furthermore, experimental studies have indicated the potential of vaccines and anti-inflammatory therapies in modulating the atherogenic immune response. Discussion: The literature confirms that the multifactorial approach is the most effective in combating atherosclerosis. There is growing recognition of the importance of inflammation and the immune response in the pathogenesis of the disease. Emerging interventions, such as immunotherapy, therapeutic vaccines and messenger RNA therapies, have shown promise, although they still require robust clinical validation. The integration of primary prevention, pharmacological therapy and therapeutic innovation is essential to reduce cardiovascular events and improve the quality of life of patients. Conclusion: The prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis require a broad and individualized approach that considers biological, social and behavioural factors. Therapeutic advancement, combined with health promotion and population education strategies, represents the most effective way to contain the global impact of cardiovascular diseases.